A physical restraint device to facilitate rehabilitation in critically ill patients / 中华危重病急救医学

Physical restraints are widely used in hospitalized and critically ill patients, especially in intensive care unit (ICU), to prevent adverse events such as the accidental removal of various monitoring leads, therapeutic tubes, and self-injury or injury to others due to delirium and irritation. The existing restraint measures directly bind the upper limbs of the patients to the hospital bed, which often brings psychological harm to the patients and leads to disuse muscular atrophy. Early rehabilitation therapy can help improve the prognosis of patients, but it is difficult to be widely used in ICU due to being heavily dependent on nursing and rehabilitation physicians. A novel restraint device to facilitate rehabilitation training for critically ill patients was designed by the medical staff from the department of critical care medicine of Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University and obtained the National Utility Model Patent of China (ZL 2020 2 2492749.6). The device is mainly composed of a cross beam and a locking device whose two ends are connected by a rocker arm, an upper limb stopper and an upper body stopper. The upper limb and body restraint provide restrictions on the movement of the head, the upper limb, and the upper body. The angle limiter prevents the patient from pulling out the treatment tube by himself, and at the same time retains the ability to grasp the crossbar and rotate it, and the sliding block further increases the activity space, to meet the exercise of the patient's upper limb muscle strength. Carrying out physical rehabilitation training as early as possible during ICU treatment can relieve the patient's resistance to passive restraint, reduce the incidence of disuse muscle atrophy, eliminate the potential hidden dangers of medical disputes, and ultimately improve the prognosis of patients.

Contenção ambiental de idosos nas instituições de longa permanência em tempos de Covid-19: reflexão teórica / Contención ambiental de ancianos en las instituciones de larga permanencia en tiempos de Covid-19: reflexión teórica / Environmental restraint of the elderly in long-term care facilities in times of Covid-19: theoretical reflection

Estudo teórico de cunho reflexivo que aborda o fenômeno da contenção ambiental em instituições de longa permanência para idosos, apresentando o tema à luz dos direitos humanos e da legislação em vigor, que pregam boas práticas de cuidado aos idosos institucionalizados, inclusive frente ao cenário de enfrentamento à Covid-19. Considerando os impactos negativos da contenção ambiental na saúde física e mental dos idosos, sugere-se maior capacitação da equipe técnica das instituições de longa permanência para idosos e prospecção do fenômeno para garantia de condições mais dignas e que respeitem a liberdade dos idosos. (AU)

Estudio teórico de cuño reflexivo que aborda el fenómeno de la contención ambiental en instituciones de larga permanencia para ancianos, presentando el tema a la luz de los derechos humanos y de la legislación en vigor que proponen buenas prácticas de cuidado para los ancianos institucionalizados, incluso ante el escenario del enfrentamiento a la Covid-19. Considerando los impactos negativos de la contención ambiental en la salud física y mental de los ancianos, se sugiere mayor capacitación del equipo técnico de las instituciones de larga permanencia para ancianos y prospección del fenómeno para garantía de condiciones más dignas y que respeten la libertad de los ancianos. (AU)

A theoretical and reflexive study addressing the phenomenon of environmental restraint in long-term care facilities for the elderly, presenting the topic under the light of human rights and the legislation in force, which postulate good care practices to institutionalized elderly even in the face of the Covid-19 situation. By considering the negative impacts of environmental restraint on the physical and mental health of the elderly, it is suggested that the technical team of long-term care institutions for the elderly should be better trained, and that the phenomenon needs to be explored to guarantee more dignified conditions that respect the freedom of the elderly. (AU)

Adaptação cultural e validação do módulo Strategies to end seclusion restraint do ToolKit QualityRights / Cultural adaptation and validation of the Strategies to end seclusion restraint module of the QualityRights ToolKit* / Adaptación cultural y validación del módulo Strategies to end seclusion restraint del ToolKit QualityRights*

Resumo Objetivo adaptar para a cultura brasileira e validar o módulo "Strategies to end seclusion restraint" do toolkit QualityRights da Organização Mundial da Saúde sobre transtornos mentais para a capacitação de profissionais de saúde no Brasil. Método trata-se de estudo metodológico, dividido em três etapas. Na primeira, foi realizada tradução dos módulos da língua original (inglês) para a língua-alvo (português brasileiro). Na segunda, foi realizada a avaliação da tradução por um comitê de juízes composto de sete especialistas. Na terceira etapa, foi realizada a avaliação por profissionais de saúde mental (enfermeiros, psicólogos e advogados), da qual participaram sete profissionais de saúde mental. Eles avaliaram o material por meio do instrumento Suitability Assessment of Materials. Resultados na avaliação realizada pelos especialistas (n=7), 8 itens avaliados obtiveram 100% de aprovação e os outros 6 itens aprovações menores, obtendo-se uma aprovação total de 92%. Quanto à avaliação realizada pelos profissionais de saúde (n=7), 2 itens tiveram aprovação máxima de 100% e os demais tiveram aprovação de 86% cada um, obtendo-se aprovação total de 88%. Conclusão com base nos resultados, considera-se que este módulo está adaptado para a cultura brasileira, podendo ser utilizado para a capacitação de profissionais de saúde brasileiros.

Abstract Objective to adapt to the Brazilian culture and validate the module "Strategies to end seclusion restraint" of the QualityRights toolkit of the World Health Organization on mental disorders to train health professionals in Brazil. Method it is a methodological study divided into three stages. The modules were translated from the original language (English) to the target language (Brazilian Portuguese) in the first stage. In the second, the translation was assessed by a committee of judges with seven experts. In the third stage, the assessment was conducted by mental health professionals (nurses, psychologists, and lawyers), in which seven mental health professionals participated. They assessed the material using the Suitability Assessment of Materials instrument. Results in the assessment conducted by the experts (n=7), 8 items assessed obtained 100% approval and the other 6 items obtained lower approvals, with a total approval of 92%. Regarding the assessment by health professionals (n=7), 2 items had a maximum approval of 100% and the other had the approval of 86% each, with a total approval of 88%. Conclusion based on the results, it is considered that this module is adapted to the Brazilian culture and can be used to train Brazilian health professionals.

Resumen Objetivo adaptar a la cultura brasileña y validar el módulo "Strategies to end seclusion restraint del 'toolkit QualityRights'" de la Organización Mundial de la Salud sobre trastornos mentales para la capacitación de profesionales de la salud en Brasil. Método se trata de un estudio metodológico, dividido en tres etapas. En la primera, fue realizada la traducción de los módulos de la lengua original (inglés) a la lengua objetivo (portugués brasileño). En la segunda, fue realizada la evaluación de la traducción por un comité de jueces compuesto de siete especialistas. En la tercera etapa, fue realizada la evaluación por profesionales de la salud mental (enfermeros, psicólogos y abogados), de la cual participaron siete profesionales de la salud mental. Ellos evaluaron el material por medio del instrumento Suitability Assessment of Materials. Resultados en la evaluación realizada por los especialistas (n=7), 8 ítems evaluados obtuvieron 100% de aprobación y los otros 6 ítems aprobaciones menores, obteniéndose una aprobación total del 92%. En cuanto a la evaluación realizada por los profesionales de la salud (n=7), 2 ítems tuvieron aprobación máxima del 100% y los demás tuvieron aprobación del 86% cada uno, obteniéndose aprobación total del 88%. Conclusión con base en los resultados, se considera que este módulo está adaptado a la cultura brasileña, pudiendo ser utilizado para la capacitación de profesionales de la salud brasileños.

Application study of the best evidence for physical restraint in ICU patients based on guidelines / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To explore the effect of evidence-based physical restraint practice in ICU patients based on the best evidence.Methods:Based on the previous studies of evidence- based nursing program of physical restraint in ICU patients, the nurses were trained, and the evidences were introduced into clinical application and the effect of program application on nurse level, patient level and organization system were evaluated. Results:The body restraint duration of ICU patients in the contrd group was 41 (14.25, 166.50) h, and the body restraint duration of intervention group was 37(16.75,107.50) h, the difference was statistically significant ( Z value was 1.71, P<0.05). The level of physical restraint knowledge, attitude, behavior and total scores of ICU nurses increased from (12.30±1.73), (33.69±3.80), (45.19±10.56), (91.17±13.38) before implementation to (13.37±2.07), (36.81 ±3.61), (49.17±4.98), (98.08±6.11) after implementation. The differences in attitude, behavior and total scores were statistically significant ( t values were 4.05, 0.96, 2.44, P<0.05).At the organizational system level, after the application of the program, the related procedures, norms, assessment tools, nursing record sheets, restraint tools, training materials courses and so on were improved in the department. Conclusions:By introducing the best evidence of physical restraint into clinical application, it can guide nurses to use physical restraint more scientifically and standardize physical restraint behavior.At the same time, it can reduce the use of physical constraints to a certain extent, reduce the rate of physical restraints, shorten the average length of restraint, and improve the flow system related to physical restraints, so as to provide reference for the implementation of physical restraints.

Salud mental y derechos humanos: La experiencia de los profesionales en formación en el uso de sujeciones mecánicas en Madrid, España / Mental health and human rights: The experience of professionals in training with the use of mechanical restraints in Madrid, Spain

RESUMEN La sujeción mecánica en psiquiatría es un procedimiento permitido en España que despierta importantes conflictos éticos. Diversos estudios sostienen que su uso depende de factores no clínicos, como las experiencias de los profesionales y las influencias del contexto, más que de factores clínicos (diagnósticos o síntomas). El objetivo del estudio es comprender las experiencias de profesionales de salud mental en formación en relación con el uso de sujeciones en la red de salud mental de Madrid. Es un estudio cualitativo de tipo fenomenológico mediante grupos focales, realizados en 2017. Las entrevistas fueron transcritas para su discusión y análisis temático mediante Atlas.ti. Los resultados descriptivos sugieren que estas medidas producen malestar y conflicto con relación al rol de cuidador y se observan estrategias de adaptación a los mismos. A partir de los hallazgos, se reflexiona acerca de aspectos de sus experiencias y del contexto que influyen en su uso, así como de las contradicciones del cuidado en la práctica clínica

ABSTRACT Mechanical restraint is a coercive procedure in psychiatry, which despite being permitted in Spain, raises significant ethical conflicts. Several studies argue that non-clinical factors - such as professionals' experiences and contextual influences - may play a more important role than clinical factors (diagnosis or symptoms) in determining how these measures are employed. The aim of this study is to understand how the experiences of mental health professionals in training relate to the use of mechanical restraints in Madrid's mental health network. Qualitative phenomenological research was conducted through focus groups in 2017. Interviews were transcribed for discussion and thematic analysis with Atlas.ti. Descriptive results suggest that these measures generate emotional distress and conflict with their role as caregivers. Our findings shed light on different factors related to their experiences and contexts that are important in understanding the use of mechanical restraint, as well as the contradictions of care in clinical practice

Dental behavior management of a patient with osteogenesis imperfecta type V: case report / Abordagem odontológica de paciente com osteogênese imperfeita tipo V: relato de caso

Aim: the aim of this study is to report a case of a four-year-old male patient diagnosed with Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) type V and the dental care performed. Material and method: the patient has been monitored by a multidisciplinary team composed by Pediatric Dentistry, Nurse and Nutritionist at a Special Patients Center in Dentistry Hospital on the Federal University of Uberlândia since one month of life. It was reported that a child had already suffered several bone fractures and currently he has been using calcium carbonate, D vitamin and pamidronate. Results: the proposed intervention was dental preventive strategies by parental education, caries risk assessment and controlling the dental biofilm with professional prophylaxis. But, due to the uncooperative behavior, it was used the active protective stabilization technique and mouth opener. Conclusion: it was concluded that due to the bone fragility and the risk of fractures, it is important a careful placement of the patient on the dental chair. Also, the correct use of basic auxiliary devices and advanced techniques of behavior management were relevant.

Objetivo: relatar caso de paciente do sexo masculino, com quatro anos de idade, diagnosticado com Osteogênese Imperfeita (OI) tipo V e os cuidados odontológicos realizados. Material e método: O paciente foi acompanhado por equipe multidisciplinar composta por Odontopediatra, Enfermeira e Nutricionista de um Centro Especial de Pacientes do Hospital Odontológico da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia desde um mês de vida. Foi relatado que a criança já havia sofrido várias fraturas ósseas e atualmente está usando carbonato de cálcio, vitamina D e pamidronato. Resultado: a intervenção proposta foi de estratégias preventivas odontológicas por educação dos pais, avaliação do risco de cárie e controle do biofilme dental com profilaxia profissional. Porém, devido ao comportamento não cooperativo, utilizou-se a técnica de estabilização protetora ativa e o abridor de boca. Conclusão: concluiu-se que, devido à fragilidade óssea e ao risco de fraturas, é importante uma colocação cuidadosa do paciente na cadeira odontológica. Além disso, o uso correto de dispositivos auxiliares básicos e técnicas avançadas de gerenciamento de comportamento foram relevantes.

The dilemma of using physical restraint in delirium tremens: a case report

Delirium tremens (DT) is a common presentation in tertiary care hospitals. Refractory DT, though not very common, is a dreaded presentation in any clinical setting. Usually, patients with DT respond to standard doses of benzodiazepines, but sometimes we encounter patients requiring higher than the usual dose. Also, due to the high level of agitation, confusion and hallucinatory behaviour, physical restraint is frequently used in these patients. We hereby report a case of refractory DT in whom the dilemma of using physical restraint and need for higher doses of Benzodiazepine has been highlighted.

Brazilian guidelines for the management of psychomotor agitation. Part 1. Non-pharmacological approach

Objective: To present the essential guidelines for non-pharmacological management of patients with psychomotor agitation in Brazil. Methods: These guidelines were developed based on a systematic review of articles published from 1997 to 2017, retrieved from MEDLINE (PubMed), Cochrane Database of Systematic Review, and SciELO. Other relevant articles identified by searching the reference lists of included studies were also used to develop these guidelines. The search strategy used structured questions formulated using the PICO model, as recommended by the Guidelines Project of the Brazilian Medical Association. Recommendations were summarized according to their level of evidence, which was determined using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine system and critical appraisal tools. Results: We initially selected 1,731 abstracts among 5,362 articles. The final sample included 104 articles that fulfilled all the inclusion criteria. The management of agitated patients should always start with the least coercive approach. The initial non-pharmacological measures include a verbal strategy and referral of the patient to the appropriate setting, preferably a facility designed for the care of psychiatric patients with controlled noise, lighting, and safety aspects. Verbal de-escalation techniques have been shown to decrease agitation and reduce the potential for associated violence in the emergency setting. The possibility of underlying medical etiologies must be considered first and foremost. Particular attention should be paid to the patient's appearance and behavior, physical signs, and mental state. If agitation is severe, rapid tranquilization with medications is recommended. Finally, if verbal measures fail to contain the patient, physical restraint should be performed as the ultimate measure for patient protection, and always be accompanied by rapid tranquilization. Healthcare teams must be thoroughly trained to use these techniques and overcome difficulties if the verbal approach fails. It is important that healthcare professionals be trained in non-pharmacological management of patients with psychomotor agitation as part of the requirements for a degree and graduate degree. Conclusion: The non-pharmacological management of agitated patients should follow the hierarchy of less invasive to more invasive and coercive measures, starting with referral of the patient to an appropriate environment, management by a trained team, use of verbal techniques, performance of physical and mental assessment, use of medications, and, if unavoidable, use of the mechanical restraint. Systematic review registry number: CRD42017054440.

Positive-reinforcement strategies to reduce capture-stress in Capybaras

Prior to the administration of any anesthetics, capturing the semi-aquatic capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) demands physical restraint, which presents immense challenges. Traditional methods, such as lassoing and traps, are prone to induce acute stress, may result in injury, and can even have fatal outcomes. As part of a larger population control project using contraceptive methods, frequent capture-induced stress and injury may directly affect normal reproductive physiology. Thus, choosing a less stress-inducing method was imperative. In this report, we describe methods of conditioning to enable frequent capture and manipulation, using bait as a positive reinforcement associated with a special click-sound, in a free-ranging populationof 40 capybaras. The objectives were to attract, herd, and allow capybaras to voluntarily enter a coral. We evaluated the conditioning effect on individual and group behaviors, interpreting vocal and body language manifestations during the processes of conditioning, herding, capture, and recovery (post procedure/chemical restraint), with the aim of minimizing capture-related stress and injuries. Based on our observations, we report that conditioning, used as part of the capture strategies, noticeably facilitated physical restraint and manipulation throughout the procedures, while apparently maintaining the animals’ overall welfare as it relates to conditioning and capture.

Tradução e adaptação transcultural do instrumento Evaluation of Siderail Usage: estudo metodológico / Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Evaluation of Siderail Usage instrument: methodological study

Introdução: Grades são projetadas para serem usadas como dispositivos de segurança e estão fortemente associadas à prevenção de quedas entre adultos e idosos hospitalizados. Há evidências do uso indiscriminado de grades e seu uso inadvertido como forma de contenção, o que por sua vez pode comprometer a segurança, a dignidade e a autonomia do paciente. O Evaluation Of Siderail Usage foi um instrumento desenvolvido nos Estados Unidos para avaliar o uso de grades dividido em quatro partes. A primeira está relacionada com a preferência do residente; a segunda é a avaliação do risco de danos como queda, aprisionamento, contusões, lesões de pele. A terceira trata do risco de queda da cama e a quarta parte traz alternativas de intervenção e apresenta recomendações de prevenção e redução do uso de contenção/grades. Objetivos: Realizar a tradução e adaptação transculturamente do instrumento "Evaluation of Siderail Usage" para a língua portuguesa do Brasil e para o cenário hospitalar. Método: Trata-se de pesquisa metodológica. Antes de realizar a tradução e adaptação foi solicitada a autorização da autora, a Dra. Elizabeth Capezuti através de correio eletrônico. Foram utilizadas etapas da tradução e adaptação transcultural; tradução inicial; síntese das traduções; retrotradução e avaliação das versões por um comitê de juízes e pré-teste de acordo com Guillemin, Bombardier e Beaton (1993). Resultados: Na primeira etapa duas traduções foram realizadas; na segunda foi realizada uma reunião consensual com as duas tradutoras e as autoras do estudo para discutir as discrepâncias e uma versão síntese foi gerada; na terceira etapa, a versão síntese do instrumento foi retrotraduzida para o inglês por duas tradutoras para de verificar a equivalência com a versão original e não foram observadas discrepâncias significativas em relação ao instrumento original; na quarta etapa, um comitê de 25 juízes profissionais da área de saúde com expertise em estudos de validação ou em segurança do paciente analisaram a versão síntese, os resultados demostram um Indice de Validade de Conteudo (IVC) do instrumento de 0,97 e um Coeficiente de Validade de Conteúdo de 0,93. Na etapa de pré-teste 30 enfermeiros aplicaram a versão dos juízes em 57 pacientes hospitalizados, 29 do sexo masculino, idade entre 41 e 69 anos, com principais diagnósticos neuropatias e ortopédicos. Primeiramente os enfermeiros realizavam uma avaliação subjetiva da indicação do uso de grades laterais, seguida da indicação utilizando o instrumento traduzido. Os resultados da concordância entre as variáveis "Quantas grades o paciente prefere?" e "Avaliação subjetiva do enfermeiro em relação às grades"foi de 49,12%. O valor de concordância de Gwet foi de 0,316, p-valor < 0,001. Com relação à associação dos itens de avaliacao objetiva "Nenhuma grade lateral é indicada" e "Quantas grades o paciente prefere" foi significativa somente o item "Nenhuma grade lateral é indicada, paciente móvel"(0,018). Ao associar à "Avaliação subjetiva pelo enfermeiro do uso de grades" com a objetiva extraída das avaliações finais do instrumento obteve-se significância somente para o item "Nenhuma grade lateral é indicada, paciente móvel"(0,001). Ao associar o sexo dos pacientes com o item "Avaliação subjetiva pelo enfermeiro do uso de grades" o p-valor foi de 0,046, o uso de quatro grades ficou maior entre as mulheres e, nos homens foi de duas grades, ou seja, o número de grades se comportou de forma distinta entre os sexos. Ao relacionar o "Perfil dos enfermeiros" e "Avaliação subjetiva do enfermeiro em relação às grades" somente o item formação ­ especialização foi significativa (0,001). Sobre a análise de constructo observaram-se valores significativos (>0,70) que quando confrontados com os valores do índice de validade de conteúdo auxiliaram na decisão de retirada de itens para a construção de um instrumento final. Quanto aos resultados de praticabilidade o IVC médio foi de 94,2%entre os quatro itens e o índice de concordância foi de 0,181, com ligeira concordância, no entanto, significativo (0,006). Conclusão: Conclui-se a partir dos índices de concordância dos juízes e do pré-teste, que o instrumento teve seu conteúdo validado e contribuiu como uma ferramenta para avaliação de pacientes quanto ao uso de grades laterais do leito. Estima-se que o uso do instrumento as grades não sejam utilizadas como contenção mecânica, em pese o risco de segurança do paciente. Portanto Obteve-se como Produto a Tradução e Adaptação da Escala de Avaliação do Uso de Grades.

Introduction: The siderails are designed to be used as safety devices and are strongly associated with fall prevention among hospitalized adults and seniors. There is evidence of the indiscrimninate use of siderail and their inadvertently use as a form of containment, wich in turn may compromise patient safety, dignity and autonomy. An assessment is necessary to determine the need or removal of siderail in the bed. The Evaluation of Siderail Usage was an instrument developed in the United States to evaluate the use of siderail and is divided in four parts. The first is related to the preference of the resident; the second is the assessment of risk of fall, entrapment, bruises, skin lesions.The third deals with the risk of bed fall and the fourth part provides alternatives for intervention and presents recommendations for prevention and reduction of the use of restraint / siderails. Objectives: Carry out a review of the literature on siderail evaluation instruments and To carry out a transcultural translation and adaptation of the instrument "Evaluation of Siderail Use" for Brazilian Portuguese and for the hospital scenario. Method: This is a methodological research. Before undertaking a translation and adaptation, an authorization was requested from the author, Dr.Capezuti Elizabeth. through electronic mail. The steps of translation and adaptation to the culture were used; initial translation; Synthesis of translations; Retrotranslation and evaluation of the versions by a committee of judges and pre-test according to Guillemin, Bombardier and Beaton (1993). Results: In the first stage two translations of the instrument were carried out; in the last meeting was consensus with the two translators and as study authors to resolve how discrepancies and synthetic version was generated; in the third stage, the original version of the article was retrotranslated for english twice to verify equivalence with the original version and did not present discrepancies in relation to the original instrument; in the fourth stage, a committee of judges analyzed a synthesis version and a back-translation regarding the equivalence between language and statistics and the English version of the English-language instrument that was used in the pretest. Conclusion: It can be considered as having access to the concordance index of judges, with which its instrument was validated and can be used as an evaluation tool for the use of degrees, since a decision making is not used without an individualized evaluation. Product: Review of literature on siderail evaluation instruments and Translation and translation and Adaptation of the "Evaluation of Siderail Usage" Scale.

Introducción: Rejillas están diseñadas para ser usadas como dispositivos de seguridad y están fuertemente asociadas a la prevención de caídas entre adultos y ancianos hospitalizados. Hay evidencias del uso indiscriminado de rejas y su uso inadvertido como forma de contención, lo que a su vez puede comprometer la seguridad, la dignidad y la autonomía del paciente. Es indispensable realizar una evaluación para determinar la necesidad o la remoción de rejas en el lecho. La evaluación de Siderail Usage fue un instrumento desarrollado en los Estados Unidos para evaluar el uso de rejillas dividido en cuatro partes. La primera está relacionada con la preferencia del residente; la segunda es la evaluación del riesgo de daños como caída, aprisionamiento, contusiones, lesiones de piel. La tercera trata del riesgo de caída de la cama y la cuarta parte trae alternativas de intervención y presenta recomendaciones de prevención y reducción de la contención / rejillas. Objetivos: Realizar una revisión bibliográfica de herramientas de evaluación de utilizar las redes y llevar a cabo la traducción y adaptación cultural del instrumento "Evaluación de Siderail de uso" para el portugués de Brasil y para el escenario hospitalario. Método: Se trata de una investigación metodológica. Antes de realizar la traducción y adaptación se solicitó la autorización de la autora, la Dra. Elizabeth Capezuti a través de correo electrónico. Se utilizaron etapas de la traducción y adaptación transcultural; traducción inicial; síntesis de las traducciones; retrotraducción y evaluación de las versiones por un comité de jueces y pre-test de acuerdo con Guillemin, Bombardier y Beaton (1993). Resultados: En la primera etapa se realizaron dos traducciones; en la segunda se realizó una reunión consensuada con las dos traductoras y las autoras del estudio para resolver las discrepancias y una versión síntesis fue generada; en la tercera etapa, la versión síntesis del instrumento fue retrotraducida para el inglés por dos traductoras para verificar la equivalencia con la versión original y no se observaron discrepancias significativas en relación al instrumento original; la cuarta etapa, un comité de jueces examinó la versión síntesis y copias de traducciones y juzgado oportuno instrumento de la versión en Inglés que se usó en la fase de instrucción. Conclusión: Se puede considerar que a partir del índice de concordancia de los jueces, que el instrumento tuvo su contenido validado y contribuirá con una herramienta para la utilización del enfermero en la evaluación de pacientes en cuanto al uso de rejas, para la toma de decisión para que las acciones las rejillas no se utilizan sin una evaluación individualizada. Productos: Revisión de literatura sobre instrumentos de evaluación del uso de rejillas y Escala de Evaluación del Uso de Gradas traducida y adaptada.

Risk Factors of Delirium in ICU Patients with Acute Poisoning

PURPOSE: This study estimated the incidence of delirium and associated risk factors and outcomes in ICU patients with acute poisoning. METHODS: Data were collected from ICU patients over 18 years of age that were admitted via the emergency center after presenting with poisoning from 2010 to 2015. Delirium was assessed retrospectively using the Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist (ICDSC). Risk factors were evaluated by univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: A total of 199 patients participated in this study and 68 (34.2%) were diagnosed with delirium based on the ICDSC score. The delirium group showed a significantly higher association with prolonged length of stay in the hospital and ICU in comparison with the non-delirium group. The delirium group was associated with greater use of physical restraint. A statistically greater number of patients with pharmaceutical substance poisoning developed delirium over a short period of time than those with non-pharmaceutical substance poisoning. There was no significant difference between the two groups with respect to age, sex, past history, GCS score, vital signs, application of ventilator care and renal replacement therapy. CONCLUSION: The finding that the delirium group had a greater length of stay in both the hospital and the ICU is consistent with the results of previous worldwide studies of the effects of delirium on the prognosis of patients who were admitted to the ICU, suggesting the possibility for domestic application. Additionally, use of physical restraint was positively related to the incidence of delirium. Thus, interventions for minimizing the use of physical restraints and considering alternatives are needed.

The other side of the coin: nurses' views and behavior on physical restraint / El otro lado de la moneda: puntos de vista y comportamiento de las enfermeras en relación a la restricción médica / O outro lado da moeda: a visão e o comportamento dos enfermeiros na contenção física

Background: The physical restraint is a widely used practice that includes ethical problems. Analysis of the views and behaviors of nurses who apply physical restraint is important to determine the problems in the practice and to find solutions. Aim: To study the views and behaviors of the nurses who apply physical restraint. Research Design:The study was designed as a descriptive study. The data were collected using a questionnaire form and analyzed by chi-square tests. The study was conducted at a university hospital. The convenience sample consisted of 93 voluntary nurses. Findings: The decision to initiate/terminate the physical restraint is mostly (63.4%) made by the physician and the nurse together, and frequently (96.8%) wrist belts are used. While one-third of the nurses (33.4%) apply the restraint for more than 7 days, 21.4% never loosen the physical restraint. 28% of the nurses face resistance due to the restraint. 78.5% of the nurses obtain informed consent for the restraint whereas 51.6% believe that the consent is not necessary. Only 9.7% of the nurses record the practice to the patient observation chart. Additionally, there is a relationship between the unit, patients they cared for daily, years in the profession and the nurses' views on restraint (p≤0.05). Conclusion: It is necessary to improve the nurses' awareness and ethical sensitivity about physical restraint. Professional development of the nurses regarding physical restraint should be maintained continuously from the beginning of their undergraduate education. An institutional committee should be established to support decision-making and monitor the restraint processes.

Objetivo: Estudiar los puntos de vista y comportamientos de las enfermeras que aplican restricción física. Diseño de investigación: Estudio descriptivo realizado en un Hospital Universitario. Los datos se recolectaron usando un cuestionario y analizando los textos mediante chi-square. La muestra de conveniencia consistió en 93 enfermeras voluntarias. Resultados: La decisión de iniciar/terminar la restricción física corresponde mayoritariamente al médico y la enfermera en conjunto (63,4%), y frecuentemente se usa atadura de muñecas (96,8%). Mientras que un tercio de las enfermeras (33,4%) aplica la restricción por más de 7 días, 21,4% nunca afloja la restricción física. 28% de las enfermeras muestran resistencia a aplicar restricción. 78,5% obtienen consentimiento informado para restringir, mientras que 51,6% cree que no es necesario el consentimiento. Solamente 9,7% de las enfermeras registra la práctica en la hoja de observación del paciente. Además, existe relación entre la unidad, pacientes que cuidan diariamente, años en la profesión y puntos de vista de las enfermeras sobre la restricción (p≤0.05). Conclusión: Es necesario mejorar la conciencia y sensibilidad ética sobre la restricción física. Debiera mantenerse continuamente el desarrollo profesional de las enfermeras sobre la restricción física desde el comienzo de la educación de pregrado y establecer un comité institucional para asistir la decisión de monitorear los procesos de restricción.

Fundo: A contenção física é uma prática amplamente utilizada que inclui problemas éticos. A análise dos pontos de vista e comportamentos de enfermeiros que aplicam a contenção física são importantes para determinar os problemas na prática e para encontrar soluções. Objetivo: Estudar as visões e comportamentos de enfermeiro que fazem uso da contenção física. Projeto de pesquisa: O estudo foi concebido como um estudo descritivo. Os dados foram coletados utilizando um formulário de questionário e analisados pelos testes do qui-quadrado. O estudo foi realizado em um hospital universitário. A amostra de conveniência consistiu de 93 enfermeiros voluntários. Conclusões: A decisão de iniciar/encerrar a contenção física é principalmente (63,4%) feita pelo médico e enfermeiro juntos, e frequência de uso dos cintos de pulso (96,8%). Enquanto um terço dos enfermeiros (33,4%) aplicam a retenção por mais de 7 dias, 21,4% nunca soltam a contenção física. 28% dos enfermeiros encaram resistência devido a retenção. 78,5% dos enfermeiros obtém consentimento prévio para retenção, enquanto 51,6% acreditam que o consentimento não é necessário. Apenas 9,7% dos enfermeiros registram a prática na ficha de observação do paciente. Além disso, existe uma relação entre a unidade, os pacientes que eles cuidam diariamente, anos na profissão e visão dos enfermeiros a cerca da contenção (p ≤ 0,05). Conclusão: É necessário melhorar a consciência e sensibilidade ética dos enfermeiros sobre contenção física. O desenvolvimento profissional do enfermeiro considerando a contenção física deve ser mantido continuamente a partir do início de sua graduação. Uma Comissão institucional deve ser estabelecida para apoiar a tomada de decisão e acompanhar os processos de retenção.

Analysis of existing problems of patients' physical restraint in intensive care unit and nursing strategies / 中国中西医结合急救杂志

The patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) often suffer from complicated and serious diseases, they are frequently necessary to have multiple tubes indwelling into the body and many practical measures or surgical operations performed by doctors or nurses, and generally they have no family members accompanying them in the unit. In order to avoid various accidents and ensure reaching the aim of treatment, according to the patient's individual situation, physical restraint straps are regularly applied. But the straps used for ICU patients may cause many problems in the course of restraint. In this paper, the existing problems are analyzed to reduce the adverse effects of this protective restraint on the physical and mental health of the patients.

The research status of using of physical restraint and restraint minimization act / 中国实用护理杂志

Physical restraint is a conventional nursing practice at home and abroad. AS the use of physical restraint in the hospital, the risk has been increasingly emerging. Many scholars have already realized the necessity of Restraint Minimization Act and the voices of reducing the using of physical restraint run high constantly. Therefore, this paper would review the status quo of the using of physical restraint, advantages and disadvantages, ethical issue, influencing factors and restraint minimization act domestic and international, so as to provide help and support for further research.

Contenção mecânica no ambiente hospitalar: estudo transversal / Mechanical restraint in the hospital environment: a cross - sectional study

Introdução: A contenção mecânica é usada na saúde para controlar temporariamente pacientes previamente confusos, desorientados, com risco de queda ou que tentam remover dispositivos que auxiliam em seu tratamento. Porém, dependendo do tipo e ou motivo da contenção, há controvérsias sobre sua adoção na prática clínica. Objetivo geral: Estimar a prevalência de contenção mecânica no ambiente hospitalar e os fatores associados à sua realização. Objetivos Específicos: Identificar as práticas de contenção mecânica no ambiente hospitalar; Estimar a proporção de pacientes que são contidos mecanicamente em hospitais; Investigar os fatores associados à aplicação de contenções mecânicas em hospitais; Elaborar um aplicativo sobre a contenção mecânica no ambiente hospitalar. Método: Estudo transversal, observacional e correlacional, com abordagem quantitativa. Optou-se como cenário de pesquisa as unidades de clínica médica, clínica cirúrgica e unidade de terapia intensiva de um hospital público do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Os participantes da pesquisa foram 106 pacientes adultos internados nos setores selecionados. Resultados: Verificou-se que a prevalência de contenção mecânica entre os pacientes internados nesta instituição é de 51,4%. Em 100% dos contidos as contenções foram do tipo grades no leito sendo que em 29,8% delas os pulsos também estavam contidos. As justificativas mais prevalentes foram o risco de quedas (100,0%) e uso de dispositivos invasivos (57,9%). Os fatores associados à ocorrência de contenção mecânica foram sexo (masculino), unidade de internação (unidade intensiva), a não deambulação, uso de dispositivos invasivos (sonda nasoenteral, cateter vesical de demora, acesso venoso central e tubo orotraqueal). Conclusão: Este estudo constata que a contenção mecânica é uma realidade na assistência ao paciente no ambiente hospitalar. Sua alta prevalência demonstra que esforços precisam ser feitos para reduzir seu uso e garantir uma assistência de qualidade e segura para a população. Este estudo propõe a criação de um aplicativo, como instrumento prático de avaliação de risco do uso das grades no leito, de forma a fornecer suporte decisório à equipe de saúde frente à utilização da contenção mecânica no ambiente hospitalar

Introduction: Mechanical restraint is used in health to temporarily control previously confused, disoriented patients who are at risk of falling or who attempt to remove devices that aid in their treatment. However, depending on the type and / or reason for the containment, there is controversy about its adoption in clinical practice. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of mechanical restraint in the hospital environment and the factors associated with its implementation. Specific Objectives: To identify the practices of mechanical restraint in the hospital environment; Estimate the proportion of patients who are mechanically restraint in hospitals; To investigate the factors associated with the application of mechanical restraints in hospitals; Elaborate an app about the mechanical restraint in the hospital environment. Method: Cross-sectional, observational and correlational study with quantitative approach. The clinical setting, surgical clinic and intensive care unit of a public hospital in the State of Rio de Janeiro were chosen as the research scenario. The study participants included 106 adult patients in the selected sectors. Results: It was verified that the prevalence of mechanical restraint among inpatients in this institution is 51.4%. In 100% of the cases the restraints were of the type bed rails, and in 29.8% of them the pulses were also contained. The most prevalent justifications were the risk of falls (100.0%) and use of invasive devices (57.9%). The factors associated with the occurrence of mechanical restraint were gender (male), hospitalization unit (intensive unit), nonambulation, invasive devices (nasoenteral catheter, delayed bladder catheter, central venous access and orotracheal tube). Conclusion: This study notes that mechanical restraint is a reality in patient care in the hospital setting. Its high prevalence demonstrates that efforts need to be made to reduce its use and ensure quality and safe care for the population. This study proposes the creation of an app, as a practical tool to assess the risk of bed rail use, in order to provide decision support to the health team regarding the use of mechanical restraint in the hospital environment

Risk Factors of Delirium Among the Patients at a Surgical Intensive Care Unit / 중환자간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study examined the prevalence of delirium-related factors in a surgical intensive care unit (SICU).METHODS: This retrospective study enrolled 73 patients who were admitted to an SICU from October 1, 2016 to March 20, 2017 and who had been hospitalized for more than 72 hours. Data was collected by reviewing electronic medical records.RESULTS: Delirium occurred in 46 (63.0%) patients. Its related factors were age, education, mechanical ventilator, sleep, narcotics, physical restraint, and central line catheters.CONCLUSION: The results indicate that sleep and physical restraint are significant factors related to delirium occurrence. The results of this study can help in developing guidelines for the prevention of delirium.

Application of tracking methodology in senile patients′ physical restraint management / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To explore the effect of Tracer Methodology on the physical restraint management of the elderly patients. Methods The idea of Tracer Methodology was based on a case study of physical restraint, and then complementary tracking and system tracking. The key problem, which was founded in using Tracer Methodology on the physical restraint management of the elderly patients, could be continuously improved from the regulations, procedures, training, implementation, inspection, feedback, rectification, the implementation and the effectiveness. The normative rate of physical restraint was compared before and after the implementation of this method. Results After using the Tracer Methodology, the rate of physical constraint in the elderly patients was 82% (41/50), which was significantly increased (χ2=5.877,P=0.015) compared with before implementation of this method, which was 60% (30/50). Conclusions Tracer Methodology could improve the normative rate of physical restraint in elderly patients. Meanwhile, it was beneficial for nurses to participate in quality management, and strengthen the team cooperation.

Comparison of long-term dental treatment effects of children treated under general anesthesia and passive restraint / 中华口腔医学杂志

Objective@#To compare the long-term dental treatment effects, oral health habits and oral-health-related qualities of life of children treated under general anesthesia (GA) and passive restraint (PR), respectively. @*Methods@#Twenty seven 2 to 4-year-old children treated under GA and thirty four children treated under PR were recruited in the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology. Up to 2 years after the treatment, a follow up assessment was conducted. The data of general information, dental plaque level and the unplanned treatments were recorded and analyzed. The questionnaire of oral health habits and early childhood oral health impact scale (ECOHIS) for each child was also completed and analyzed. The survival rate and median survival time of the deciduous teeth were calculated. Multivariate analysis was performed by using Cox proportional hazard model. @*Results@#Twenty-five children under GA and 32 under PR were finally included, with a total of 1 098 deciduous teeth. The postoperative dental plaque indicesin both GA and PR groups had significantly improved than that of before the treatments (P=0.019, P<0.001). The oral health habits had also improved, and the improvement in PR group was more obvious than that in GA group. Totally 128 teeth (27.0%) appeared unplanned treatments in GA group and 232 teeth (37.2%) in PR group during the follow-ups. The new caries and recurrent caries in PR group were significantly more than that in GA group (P<0.001, P=0.012). No significant differences were found between the two groups in restoration failure, secondary caries and endodontic diseases (P=0.129, P=0.822, P=0.642). However, the time of occurrence of endodontic disease and secondary caries in GA group were significantly longer than that in PR group (P<0.01, P<0.001). The median survival time of teeth in GA group was 1 018 days comparing to 944 days in PR group. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The survival rate was associated with such factors as decayed-missing-filled tooth (dmft), anterior or posterior teeth, feeding frequency, brushing habits and behavior management techniques. @*Conclusions@#The long-term dental treatment effects of children treated under GA was significantly better than that of PR group. Continuous reinforcement of proper dietary and oral hygiene habits might help in maintaining the long-term treatment effect.

Ethical Issues and Countermeasures of Physical Restraint / 中国医学伦理学

As a commonly used medical protective measure in the clinical work,physical restraint is the need of medical care.But it may bring some physical and psychological harm to patients.In the clinical practice,sometimes it is a dilemma between respecting for the autonomy of patients and the right of informed consent and implementing physical restraint measures.By strengthening medical professionals' learning the related knowledge and regulating the use of physical restraint,its use will become more scientific,reasonable and humanized.

Prevalência de contenção mecânica em Instituições de Longa Permanência para Idosos no Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Prevalence of physical restraint in long term care in the state of Rio de Janeiro

Introdução: O conceito de contenção mecânica adotado nesse estudo foi qualquer método manual ou físico, equipamento mecânico, ou material anexado; ou adjacente ao corpo do indivíduo; que o indivíduo não possa retirar facilmente; que restringe a liberdade ou movimento ou acesso normal ao próprio corpo. Objetivo geral: Estimar a prevalência de contenção mecânica em instituições de longa permanência para idosos no Rio de Janeiro. Objetivos Específicos: Identificar a prática de contenção em ILPIs no Rio de Janeiro; e Investigar se existem variáveis associadas da prática de contenção; produzir material informativo aos promotores de justiça sobre a contenção de idosos e a violação de direitos. Método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal e/ou seccional com abordagem quantitativa, realizado em 14 ILPIs, com um amostra estimada de 378 idosos, abordadas pelo Ministério Público do Estado do Rio de Janeiro e pelo Grupo de Apoio Técnico Especializado Instituições e Direitos Sociais ­ GATE/IEDS. Resultados: Estima-se que a prevalência de contenção nas ILPIs do Estado do Rio de Janeiro seja de 7,45%, com erro de previsão de 2,45% ao nível de 95% de confiança. Sem considerar a grade no leito como contenção, estima-se que a prevalência de contenção nas ILPIS do Estado do Rio de Janeiro a seja de 3,84%, com erro de previsão de 1,79% ao nível de 95% de confiança. A prevalência da Síndrome da Imobilidade entre os idosos das ILPIS do Estado do Rio de Janeiro seja de 18,2% e a Contenção não está significativamente associada à Síndrome de Imobilidade (p-valor=0,202 do Teste Qui-quadrado). Tipicamente esta contenção ocorre em cama hospitalar (45,5% dos casos), o tipo de contenção é a grade no leito da cama hospitalar (45,5%) dos casos. A principal justificativa para a utilização da contenção é o risco de quedas (66,7%) e a duração da contenção, na maioria dos casos (84,8%), é de 24 horas. Os resultados mostram que os idosos contidos diferem significativamente dos não contidos apenas no que se refere: ao seu estado de deambulação (p-valor=0,000 do Teste qui-quadrado; aos seus escores KATZ (p-valor=0,000 do Teste de Mann Whitney); aos seus escores MEEM (p-valor=0,000 do teste de Mann Whitney) e à prevalência de Demência de Alzheimer, que é significativamente maior no grupo de contidos (p-valor=0,001 do este qui-quadrado). Foi verificado ainda por análise de correlação, que a contenção independe, ou seja, não está correlacionada ao número de leitos e ao número de profissionais da instituição. Conclusão: A prevalência de contenção mecânica apesar de baixa foi significativa com desfechos de piora na deambulação, da perda cognitiva, da dependência para atividades de vida diária e para o diagnóstico de demência, o que implica dizer que a adoção dessa prática pode implicar em risco de fragilidade aos idosos

Introduction: The concept of physical restraint is manual or physical method, mechanical equipment, or attached material; or adjacent to the subject's body; Which the individual can not easily remove; Which restricts freedom or movement or normal access to one's own body. To aims: To estimate the prevalence of physical restraint in long term care in Rio de Janeiro; Identify the contention practice in long term care in Rio de Janeiro; Investigate if there are associated variables of contention practice; Produce information material for prosecutors on the containment of the elderly and the violation of rights. Method: This is a transversal study with a quantitative approach, carried out in 14 long term care supervised by the Public Ministry of the State of Rio de Janeiro and by the Specialized Technical Support Group Institutions and Social Rights - GATE / IEDS. The estimated sample was 378 elderly. Results: It is estimated that the prevalence of restraint in the long term care of the State of Rio de Janeiro is 7.45%, with a prediction error of 2.45% at the 95% confidence level. Without considering the grid in the bed as a restraint, it is estimated that the prevalence of contention in the long term care of the State of Rio de Janeiro is 3.84%, with a prediction error of 1.79% at the 95% confidence level. The prevalence of Immobility Syndrome among the elderly of long term care in the State of Rio de Janeiro is 18.2% and Containment is not significantly associated with Immobility Syndrome (p-value = 0.202 of the Chi-square test). Typically this restraint occurs in hospital bed (45.5% of cases), the type of restraint is the grid in the bed of the hospital bed (45.5%) of the cases. The main justification for the use of restraint is the risk of falls (66.7%) and the duration of restraint, in most cases (84.8%), is 24 hours. The results show that the contained elderly differ significantly from those not only with respect to their gait state (p-value = 0.000 of the chi-square test; their KATZ scores (p-value = 0.000 of the Mann Whitney test ), Their MMSE scores (p-value = 0.000 from the Mann Whitney test) and the prevalence of Alzheimer's Dementia, which is significantly higher in the group of patients (p-value = 0.001 of this chi-square). By correlation analysis, that the contention is independent, that is, it is not correlated with the number of beds and the number of professionals of the institution. Conclusion: The prevalence of physical restraint found in long term care was low but significant with outcomes of worsening of ambulation, cognitive loss, dependence for activities of daily living and for the diagnosis of dementia, which implies that the adoption of this practice may imply At risk of fragility to the elderly

Introducción: El concepto de contención mecánica es polisémico. En este estudio, se adoptó por considerarla como cualquier método manual o físico, equipo mecánico, o material adjunto; o adyacente al cuerpo del individuo; que el individuo no pueda retirar fácilmente; que restringe la libertad o el movimiento o el acceso normal al propio cuerpo. Objetivo general: Estimar la prevalencia de restricciones mecánicas en la atención a largo plazo en Río de Janeiro. Objetivos específicos: Identificar la práctica de contención en la atención a largo plazo en Río de Janeiro; E Investigue si hay variables asociadas de la práctica de contención; Producir material de información para los fiscales sobre la contención de los ancianos y la violación de los derechos. Método: Se trata de un estudio transversal con enfoque cuantitativo, realizado en 14 cuidados de larga duración supervisados por el Ministerio Público del Estado de Río de Janeiro y por el Grupo de Apoyo Técnico Especializado Instituciones y Derechos Sociales - GATE / IEDS. La muestra estimada fue de 378 ancianos. Resultados: Se estima que la prevalencia de moderación en el cuidado a largo plazo del Estado de Río de Janeiro es del 7,45%, con un error de predicción del 2,45% al nivel de confianza del 95%. Sin considerar la rejilla en el lecho como restricción, se estima que la prevalencia de contención en el cuidado a largo plazo del Estado de Río de Janeiro es del 3,84%, con un error de predicción de 1,79% al nivel de confianza del 95%. La prevalencia del síndrome de inmovilidad entre los ancianos de la atención a largo plazo en el estado de Rio de Janeiro es del 18,2% y la contención no se asocia significativamente con el síndrome de inmovilidad (p = 0,202 del test de Chi-cuadrado). Típicamente esta restricción se produce en el lecho de hospital (45,5% de los casos), el tipo de restricción es la rejilla en el lecho del hospital (45,5%) de los casos. La principal justificación para el uso de la restricción es el riesgo de caídas (66,7%) y la duración de la restricción, en la mayoría de los casos (84,8%), es de 24 horas. Los resultados muestran que los ancianos contenidos difieren significativamente de aquellos no sólo con respecto a su estado de marcha (valor de p = 0,000 de la prueba de chi-cuadrado, sus puntuaciones de KATZ (valor de p = 0,000 de la prueba de Mann Whitney), MMSE (P-valor = 0,000 de la prueba de Mann Whitney) y la prevalencia de demencia de Alzheimer, que es significativamente mayor en el grupo de pacientes (p = 0,001 de este chi cuadrado). Independiente, es decir, no está correlacionada con el número de camas y el número de profesionales de la institución. Conclusión: La prevalencia de restricción mecánica encontrada en la atención a largo plazo fue baja pero significativa con resultados de empeoramiento de la deambulación, pérdida cognitiva, dependencia para las actividades de la vida diaria y para el diagnóstico de demencia, lo que implica que la adopción de esta práctica puede implicar riesgo de Fragilidad a los ancianos